Vegetarianism Free Essays

Meat: It Does My Body Good I eat meat; I drink milk; I eat eggs. I don’t eat it at every meal, but I do eat it daily. For the sake of this essay, I will state that I, clearly, am not a vegetarian. We will write a custom essay sample on Vegetarianism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Let me begin by explaining the term vegetarian as used in this essay: a vegetarian is a person that does not consume meat. There multiple forms of vegetarianism: ovo-vegetarian diet includes eggs but not dairy products; lacto-vegetarian diet includes dairy products but not eggs; ovo-lacto vegetarian diet includes dairy and eggs but not meat. A vegan is the strictest vegetarian diet and excludes all animal products including eggs, dairy and honey. Some vegetarian diets, however, do include fish or chicken, but not ‘red’ meat. After reading several articles on the pros and cons of being, or not being, a vegetarian, I came upon an article by William T. Jarvis, PH. D entitled â€Å"Why I Am Not A Vegetarian† that encompassed many of my same views. Dr. Jarvis, now retired, was a professor of public health and preventive medicine at Lorna Linda University, and founder and president of The National Council Against Health Fraud and he is a Seventh Day Adventist. Seventh Day Adventists are strong believers in vegetarianism, which is one reason why I enjoyed his opposing viewpoint. In the article by Dr. Jarvis, several topics and theories are discussed including his observation on classifying vegetarians in two behavioral categories: pragmatic or ideologic. A pragmatic vegetarian is rational and most often are vegetarian out of health related concerns, but an ideologic vegetarian is one that is more emotionally rooted in the behavior ‘as a matter of principle’ so to speak. It is his views on the pragmatic vegetarian that closely mirror my own. In the article, Dr. Jarvis points out that it is possible to obtain all the essential nutrients needed, except vitamin B-12, by eating a vegetarian diet; however, he also points out that the same can be said for eating an all meat diet, too. While I understand the need that some have to refrain from eating certain foods for health related issues, I believe that our body needs meat. Also, to me, meat tastes good. The quality of protein from meat exceeds the quality of protein from plants. Meat contains much more protein by mass, and this protein contains all the essential amino acids, in the correct balance. Meat is also rich is Iron which is needed by pregnant women and middle-aged women approaching menopause. Many argue that there are certain health risks of eating meat, especially red meat, but they often tend to be exaggerated. Avoid processed meat and try to eat lean meat as much as possible, and meat can be very healthy in the diet, and does not increase risk of heart disease or cancer, as Dr. Jarvis also pointed out in his article quoting scientific data from nutrition-related research supports vegetarianism only tentatively. Another reason I think eating meat is healthier than a vegetarian diet is that we, humans, are fully able to digest meat. We have canine teeth, which allow us to chew meat, and enzymes in our stomach and small intestine to digest it. In conclusion, eating meat tends to be an economical option for nutrition overall. While it is possible to get all the nutrients in meat on a vegetarian diet, it is much more difficult, often resulting in the need to obtain various types of grains to ensure that no vitamins, minerals, or amino acids are missing. This can be inconvenient and costly, and difficult to prepare. Meat supplies us with the vitamins we need in everyday life. Although, the other articles I read are opposed to meat eating; they still share the health risks of not eating meat, and that meat does the body good. Work Cited â€Å"Why I Am Not a Vegetarian. † Why I Am Not a Vegetarian. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Sept. 2012. lt;http://www. quackwatch. org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/vegan. htmlgt;. How to cite Vegetarianism, Papers

Britain Petroleum Management

Question: Write an essay and discuss both the attractions and disadvantages of BP as a possible take-over target, and identify the most probable bidders for BP.Give some examples of the problems that face these potential bidders in terms of political issues and managerial styles. Discuss whether a continuation oflow oil prices, as seen in the first quarter of 2015, will accelerate any take-over bid, or would low prices be another barrier? Answer: Introduction Britain Petroleum (BP) is one of the most important international oil as well as gas companies in the world. They provide customers fuel for transportation, lubricants for moving of engines, energy to generate heat as well as light and products for petrochemicals that is used to daily items such as paints, packaging as well as clothes. BP, first sell its oil in Britain, it is known to others and become popular because of its good quality selling of gasoline. It is unique from other oil company because of the selling of better energy. The aim of BP is to be a company of oil and gas that will grow above the long term. They always enhance both risk management as well as safety, earn the trust of the people and give values to their shareholders (Chan, 2011). It will simplify their organization as well as bitterly turn the portfolio. They mainly focus in executing their companys operations and the use of capital. Advantages of BP as a possible take-over target The companies dealing with oil as well as gas company like BP generates a huge turnover for all industries. It can also be found that $25 billion cash flow was delivered by BP in the year 2005. The cash to be proceeded is $8.3. Thus the past record of BP is attractive for the bidders to takeover. The advantages for the bidders are the following: Reduction in cost: The dividend quarterly payment is suspended by BP with a percentage of 9.5 per share that amounted to $2.6 billion to the shareholders. It causes reduction in the cost as well as maximization in the profit. Moreover, Bp agrees to sell nearly $7 billion assets in North America as well as in Egypt (Hou, Ko and Lin, 2011). It has cut down 20% of the employees for maintaining capital expenditure as well as established escrow fund of $20 billion for victims of oil spreading. All theses strategies attract the bidders towards their business. Marketing and Sales: BP deals with the energy resources and for dealing with those resources BP has spent $1.4 billion. But the industry is facing some financial problems and due to this it has dividend alternative energy budget into $1 billion as well as $500 billion. Innovation of Process: The innovation approach of recovering oil to boost out the process significantly was done by going into deep sea shores that utilized polymer popcorn technique as one of the most important innovative method done by BP (Kadiri, 2011). Disadvantages of BP as a possible take-over target The government of British has told BP that it would be against the potential takeover of the company. Over the last 10 years the share market of BP decreases nearly one-fifth. It differences the stock market that shows some growth of about 20%. The returns of dividend are negative that becomes a tension for the shareholders. It remains still attractive but BP is quickly flattering a potential take-over target (Klykov, Alushkina and Abrosimova, 2015). BP transforms its strategy between the leadership of cost to the differentiation as the reducing of cost practices leads to fall in oil price as well as oil leakage. Higher Payroll: The salary and wages for the employees in China are lower than US. If Petro China takeover BP, then they have overpay the employees than usual (Kolosova, 2011). It results in disruption in cost, insufficient cost management as well as workforce risk from top to bottom. Overlapping management: The combinations of assets needs to be downsized if Exxon Mobile takeover Bp. They have different process as well as system. This overlapping of management will create dissatisfaction among the employees that may happen to lose their jobs and others may need longer time to familiarize with the new system that again may incur loss (Shever, 2010). Political Issues faced by the bidders BP challenges the political risks in those countries that are producing oil by doing partnerships as well as signed an agreement with the country. BP signed a contract with a Russian oil company, Roseneft. The indecision of BP faces over the final cost based on the drop of oil price in the year 2010. Its disclosure to Russia through its stake in the state controlled oil company Rosneft would discourage the group of US. The oil energy market becomes more unstable due to instability in the geopolitical (Uhr, 2012). The deterioration in the climate from the emissions of CO2 leads the government to support more sustainable form of energy. The market of oil as well as gas becomes volatile due to the growing requirement of oil in the market. The company which is thinking of bidding for the BP to takeover find that if their takeover includes the penalty then it will be huge loss for them. Another issue is that BP is conducting their business unethically at that country so there was a big ch ance of getting a ban for that company. It is also a risk for bidding the company (Zubailov, 2015). As it is expected that US politicians including Barrack Obama was not in favour of the company that forced them to cut off their business in the market of US. This kind of political situation forced to increase the liability of the company in the Gulf of Mexico that contributes to the continuous drop of their share price in the market. Problem of managerial style faced by the bidders Above the past ten years the business of British petroleum is rapidly decreasing in term of their sells and market share. Due to this factor the prices of British petroleum are decreasing day by day. There are some problems related to the management of the company that are facing the potential bidders of the company. Quick decision of management: Some situation arises when the management needs to take quick decision about the business. Quick decisions are made for getting recovered from the losses occurred (Brondoni, 2015). The decision of executive committee of British petroleum is impaired. Executive committee of this company take decision under pressure in order to take decision quickly. It has been from that there is 20% loss of senior executive manager after the process of merger. Lack of necessary skills: The management of British petroleum face a lack of skills in their members. It lacks the ability to face the problem lead to spill that the company is facing. Inability of recovery: The management expert of British petroleum became unable of face the dynamic changes of market. These problems are faced by the potential bidders of the company. Potential bidders are not getting attracted b their managerial style. The management of this company is showing their inability to fix problem of lowering the prices of oil. So they are in turn unable to take decision about solving the problem. Inability of planning: The management of British petroleum is not able to take right decision at right time. They have faced a failure in anticipating the disaster of low market share for the company. Each management should start with planning. The government have not checked the magnitude of the problem and believe the information provided by the management of British petroleum. Lack of coordination: One of the core management problems that the potential bidders of British petroleum are facing is the information of media provided by the management of this company. The problem is about the public image of the company. The management of the company wanted to hide their financial status and public image from the media. So they have provided wrong information to the media. The potential bidder of the company gets wrong information about the company in the media (Chanysheva and Biryukova, 2015). It creates a problem to the potential bidders of the company for not getting the right information about the company. Lack of resources: The management of British petroleum lacks resources to mitigate the problem of low price. It hampers the interest of potential bidders of British petroleum. The management of this company lacks the resources to cop up with the competitive advantages of the market. Unethical practice: One of the big problems that the potential bidders of this company are facing in the unethical practices of the Management of the company (Peterson and Peterson, 2015). The Government of US are charging huge amount of penalty from this company. The potential bidders of the company are thing that if take over the company It will be a loss to them because of giving too much penalty charge to the government. Loss of profit: Any company who will go for taking over a company would think about the profitability of take over. Bt the British petroleum is now facing low market share and low price, so it would be harder for a management team of a company about taking over the company. Would low price of oil accelerate bid or another barrier? According to research it has been found that the economy of united state is the popular and largest consumer of oil. Most of the cases show that the management are now focused on reducing the relative price of the oil in order to reduce consumption of energy. At first the cartel needs to be restart the authority over the oil prices so that value of crude can be varied between the nations. This case implies that relative production cost should be varied between the nations. The nation should increase the spending in order to reduce the unemployment. The nation should push the prices of the product in order to adjust the cuts in prices. Research shows that the nation is trying to develop the some aspect of the business in order to make the prices of the oil higher (Mohajer, 2015). The company is planning to induce the prices of the oil at breakeven point in order to meet the demand of the customers. This will not only lead to increase in prices of oil but also increase the growth of ec onomy. In this way geographical risk can be minimized. It can be observed that market segmentation of oil has been changed and demand and supply for oil are changing rapidly. It would hurt the producing of countries, at the same time will also reduce the prices. The aim of the government would be to push the prices of the oil, at the same cheaper cost of the oil can be made. The suppliers of energy are resisting on the gases. The fuel price not only hurt the consumer but also hurt the farmers and manufacturers. Many cases show that it has also been hurting the government as well as the economy of the country (Vladimirov, 2015). Government professionals have been discouraged in many ways and many cases. Low price level of fuel decreases the carbon as well as decreases the economic perspective of the country. Low cost of British petroleum will reduce the market share of the company. It will lead to take over of the company by the bidders at low cost (Murto and Vlimki, 2015). Due to managerial and political problem it is very tog to regain the market value. So it is better to take over the company by another company. The low price of British petroleum will ultimately reduce the market value of the company. For this the company will lose its competitive advantage in the company. Supermarkets are also facing the problem of price cutting (Zeeb et al. 2015). Lo w gas and oil price of British petroleum will also decrease the economic level of this country. Conclusion It is being concluded that BP provides their customers fuel for transportation, lubricants for moving of engines, and products for petrochemicals. It is the most focused Oil as well as Gas Company with an opportunity to grow in the future. Its strong financial structure offers the base for their long-term strategy. They are aiming to generate an increase in the net cash by 50% offers by operating activities by 2014. It aims to utilize half of the incremental operating cash for reinvestment and half for any other purposes. Over the last 10 years the share market of BP decreases nearly one-fifth. It differences the stock market that shows some growth of about 20%. The returns of dividend are negative that becomes a tension for the shareholders. It remains still attractive but BP is quickly flattering a potential take-over target. Reference List Brondoni, S. (2015). Product Design Management and Global Competition.Symphonya. Emerging Issues in Management, (1). Chan, M. (2011). Fatigue: the most critical accident risk in oil and gas construction.Construction Management and Economics, 29(4), pp.341-353. Chanysheva, I. and Biryukova, V. (2015). THE MECHANISM OF MANAGEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES OIL COMPLEX.OGBUS, (3), pp.576-589. Hou, S., Ko, Y. and Lin, T. (2011). Study on incineration technology of oil gas generated during the recovery process of oil spill.Energy Conversion and Management, 52(3), pp.1662-1668. Kadiri, S. (2011). Safety Management Systems and Disaster Reduction in Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria.Epidemiology, 22, pp.S179-S180. Klykov, M., Alushkina, T. and Abrosimova, M. (2015). THERMAL DEHYDRATION OF OIL.OGBUS, (2), pp.266-280. Kolosova, O. (2011). Problems of salaries management in oil and gas companies.EoR, pp.167-175. Mohajer, L. (2015). Take Over Take Over / You are Teachers / Take Over: Disagreements and the Construction of Power among Women.International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(12), pp.1017-1023. Murto, P. and Vlimki, J. (2015). Large common value auctions with risk averse bidders.Games and Economic Behavior, 91, pp.60-74. Peterson, T. and Peterson, C. (2015). Educating Student Managerial Leaders: What Critical Behaviors Should Be Developed?.Journal of Educational Issues, 1(1), p.135. Porporato, M. (2015). Instructional Case: Logistics Costs Behavior and Management in the Auto Industry.Issues in Accounting Education, p.150604153613008. Shever, E. (2010). Engendering the Company:Corporate Personhood and the Face of an Oil Company in Metropolitan Buenos Aires.PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 33(1), pp.26-46. Uhr, J. (2012). Book Review: Ethics and Public Policy: Contemporary Issues.Political Science, 64(1), pp.81-82. Vladimirov, V. (2015). Financing bidders in takeover contests.Journal of Financial Economics. Zeeb, K., Buchner, A. and Schrauf, M. (2015). What determines the take-over time? An integrated model approach of driver take-over after automated driving.Accident Analysis Prevention, 78, pp.212-221. Zubailov, G. (2015). EFFICIENCY RISE OF GAS LEAKAGE CONTROL THROUH FAILURE CONNECTIONS OF GAS DISTRIBUTION AND GAS CONSUMPTION NETWORK EQUIPMENT.OGBUS, (2), pp.179-190.

Romeo and Juliet Study Guide Questions and Answers Essay Example

Romeo and Juliet: Study Guide Questions and Answers Paper Prologue: In what city does this play take place? Verona, Italy Prologue: Why are Romeo and Juliet called Star-crossd lovers ? They are not destined to be together Act 1 scene 1: Who is fighting at the beginning of the first scene? Sampson, Gregory, Abram, and Balthazar( servants of the Capulets and the Montagues) Act 1 scene 1: Who tries to break up the fighting? Benvolio Act 1 scene 1: What threat does the Prince make to Lord Montague and Lord Capulet? That the next person to start a public brawl will be put to death Act 1 scene 1: Benolio and Montaguue describe the way Romeo has been acting. What do they say about him? Gloomy, cries a lot, not talking, seclusive Act 1 scene 1: Why is Romeo so sad? He has unrequited love Act 1 scene 1: What is Benvolios advice to Romeo? To move and find a new girl Act 1 scene 2: Why does Capulet think it will be easy for Montague and him to keep the peace? Because they are both old and tired Act 1 scene 2: What does Paris ask of Capulet? Juliets hand in marriage Act 1 scene 2: What is Capulets first answer? No, she is too young Act 1 scene 2: A bit later Capulet appears to change his mind about Pariss question. What does he tell Paris? Paris must win her heart and Juliet must agree. Then he will marry them Act 1 scene 2: What is the name of the woman Romeo loves? Rosaline Act 1 scene 2: What do Romeo and Benvolio decide to do? Go to the party Act 1 scene 3: How old is Juliet and when is her birthdate? 13 about to be 14, and Lammas Eve at night Act 1 scene 3: When Lady Capulet asks Juliet how she feels about the marriage, what is Juliets answer? Its an honor she dreams not of Act 1 scene 4: According to Mercutio, who or what is Queen Mab, and what does she do? She is a small fairy that gives dreams to men wherever she lands Act 1 scene 5: What does Romeo think of Juliet when he firsts sees her? That he has not seen true beauty till this night Act 1 scene 5: How does Tybalt recognize Romeo? By his voice Act 1 scene 5: How does Romeo find out about Juliets name? He asks the Nurse and she tells him

Free Essays on Hamlet, Sanity Vs. Insanity

In the play Hamlet, sanity is a major theme that is used to reveal the truth about who people really are. As defined by the dictionary, sanity is â€Å"the quality or statement of being mentally sound and healthy.† Hamlet is a prince in Denmark. He is raised to be noble and groomed to be the future king. Hamlet’s father, King Hamlet, enlists the help of his advisor Polonius to assist him in ruling. Polonius’ daughter Ophelia is of noble status because of her father’s position. Hamlet and Ophelia are the primary characters in the story for which sanity is an issue. In the story, Hamlet is sane, but his behavior leads others to believe that he is insane, or crazy. Ophelia on the other hand, could definitely be considered insane, as her behavior dramatically changes throughout the story. The desperation of her behavior due to her love of Hamlet causes her to go crazy when she is not able to handle Hamlet’s actions that lead her on to believe he is also interested in her. In the second act of the story, Ophelia walks into her room to find Hamlet sitting by the window with his clothes undone. Ophelia seems baffled at this action because it was so out of the ordinary. At this point, Ophelia had not revealed that she had feelings for Hamlet. When she saw him, she stared at him and he left the room. When Ophelia tells her father, Polonius, about what has happened, he is upset. Ophelia tells Polonius how she rejected Hamlet, and Polonius replies, â€Å"That hath made him mad.† (Act 2, Scene 1, lines 120-123) That was the first implication in the story about others thinking Hamlet was crazy. The next occasion Hamlet provided for others to believe he was crazy came out in the 3rd act of the play. As Hamlet was walking through the castle he came across Ophelia reading and pacing in the foyer of the castle. This was typical behavior for Hamlet, but when he saw Ophelia doing this, he thought he was being set up and that Po... Free Essays on Hamlet, Sanity Vs. Insanity Free Essays on Hamlet, Sanity Vs. Insanity In the play Hamlet, sanity is a major theme that is used to reveal the truth about who people really are. As defined by the dictionary, sanity is â€Å"the quality or statement of being mentally sound and healthy.† Hamlet is a prince in Denmark. He is raised to be noble and groomed to be the future king. Hamlet’s father, King Hamlet, enlists the help of his advisor Polonius to assist him in ruling. Polonius’ daughter Ophelia is of noble status because of her father’s position. Hamlet and Ophelia are the primary characters in the story for which sanity is an issue. In the story, Hamlet is sane, but his behavior leads others to believe that he is insane, or crazy. Ophelia on the other hand, could definitely be considered insane, as her behavior dramatically changes throughout the story. The desperation of her behavior due to her love of Hamlet causes her to go crazy when she is not able to handle Hamlet’s actions that lead her on to believe he is also interested in her. In the second act of the story, Ophelia walks into her room to find Hamlet sitting by the window with his clothes undone. Ophelia seems baffled at this action because it was so out of the ordinary. At this point, Ophelia had not revealed that she had feelings for Hamlet. When she saw him, she stared at him and he left the room. When Ophelia tells her father, Polonius, about what has happened, he is upset. Ophelia tells Polonius how she rejected Hamlet, and Polonius replies, â€Å"That hath made him mad.† (Act 2, Scene 1, lines 120-123) That was the first implication in the story about others thinking Hamlet was crazy. The next occasion Hamlet provided for others to believe he was crazy came out in the 3rd act of the play. As Hamlet was walking through the castle he came across Ophelia reading and pacing in the foyer of the castle. This was typical behavior for Hamlet, but when he saw Ophelia doing this, he thought he was being set up and that Po...

Leader ship class 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leader ship class 3 - Essay Example This can be done through the study of all the employees and their competitive performance in the recent seasons and events within the organization. The wage record over last few seasons is of importance and allows making decision in a more professional manner. All the bonuses and increments so added are compared against the performance delivered by the individuals. This in parallel with those who have had good performances yet little lift up in the financial aspect can also be encouraged and accommodated through the layoff schemes. The decisions must not be based only on the financial aspect, rather the productivity, the overall benefits to the organization and other factors. The old age pension scheme, those who are of little value and have showed inclination towards self retirement may also be considered for a lay off. The annual budget values must also be taken into account against the given set of number of employees and the subsequent decision of

Appeal letter Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Appeal letter - Personal Statement Example In midst of finding my identity and recovering from cultural shock, my grades suffered inevitably. My past is my past. The positive element is to be hopeful about the future. I understand that education is a privilege, not a right. Opportunities are extremely difficult to come by because so many people miss on their first opportunity. However, my goal is to be a better student in all facets and utilize a second chance to harness my academic education. I am dedicating all my time to my academic performance, attending peer tutoring, and have signed up with groups to extend my learning. Socially, I am trying to focus on my cardiovascular health as I heard that it overall stimulates the nervous system and will enhance my mental focus. Lastly, I am enhancing my diet in rich fruits and nuts, the main source of brain power to ensure that I do my best. My only focal point in life is to be a better student. Given an opportunity, I promise to make a second chance my best one

Strategic position analysis and strategy evaluation of a Chinese Essay

Strategic position analysis and strategy evaluation of a Chinese organisation - Essay Example It has controlled the business desktop market and PC market with 87 percent of market purchasing desktops and 84 percent PCs from China manufacturers in 2006 (Salter, 2012). Started out in 1984, it is the largest computer manufacturer within China while second largest globally. The name Lenovo, coined in 2004, is a combination of ‘Le’, meaning ‘legend’ and ‘Novo’ which means ‘new’. As the name depicts, the new legendary organization was formed with mission to introduce new and unique products in markets (Liu, 2012). This was followed by the acquisition of the PC Division of IBM in 2005. Acquisition of a company, that was the inventor of the personal computer industry in 1981, lent credibility to Lenovo and enhanced customer exposure. In 2006, Lenovo attained and set up important investments and centers in China and launched its brands outside of China for the very first time. The entire computer business industry in China flourished from $660 billion in the year 2004 to $779 billion in 2007 (Lenovo, 2013). In this paper we critically analyze the strategic position of the company in the relevant industry as opposed to its major competitors and use different tools to assess its performance over the years. LENOVO’S STANDING IN THE INDUSTRY Lenovo deals mainly in manufacturing of laptops, desktops, ultra-books, tablet PCs and other computer accessories such as headphones, microphone, mouse, keyboard, monitors and server machines etc. It achieved a 19 percent share in the world of computers and notepads. Dell and HP account for 21% and 54% of the whole market respectively. As of today, HP is the market leader in manufacturing of PCs, followed by Lenovo, Dell and Acer (Sun, 2012). Few years back, Lenovo was a heavy loss-making concern in 2008; with turnaround performance, today it is a profitable venture flourishing as we speak. However it did so not through implementation of new strategies; instead, it focus ed on toughening the areas where it needs strength and relied on tried and trusted solutions instead of investing into new experimental measures. It is in a rapid expansion mode and has introduced a new strategy, namely ‘PC+’ whereby it shall depart from its core competence of manufacturing PCs and shall diversify horizontally into other type of devices such as mobile data technology without affecting its current products where it excels. Currently, Lenovo is the second largest manufacturer of PCs, holding 13.50% of market share after HP which holds 17.70%, and has a stable sales growth rate of 30%. However, its profits are growing less than proportionate to the industry trend. The market share of Lenovo in PCs sector is growing while those of Dell and Acer are getting lower. Analysts are of the view that soon it shall outperform HP in near future considering its growth rate of 16.6% as shown in 2011. Within China, which serves as home to Lenovo, it holds a market share of 28.80% only which is although the highest but can be easily improved through knowledge of local conditions and cost-reduction programmes. Revenue generated from Chinese markets constitute to 42% of the total sales made annually by Lenovo across the globe (Singh, 2013). The company has a lack of profitability growth which it should counter through economies of scale and innovation. Innovation has always been Lenovo’s saving grace and the amount of research and development budgets and expenditures allocated to this head define how the